Arminius and his contemporaries understood God as a being who is simple, timeless, immutable, and impassible- traits that are foundational for understanding the different ordo decretorum Dei (the order of God’s Decrees) during Arminius's lifetime. Because God is considered timeless, these decrees are not temporal moments, but rather logical moments in the life of God. They are that which God decrees in what some have called a “timeless moment” or an “eternal now,” free from both influence and change. A.A. Hodge puts it this way: “The question as to the Order of Decrees is not a question as to the order of acts in God decreeing, but it is a question as to the true relation sustained by the several parts of the system which He decrees to one another.” (Hodge, Outlines of theology)
Unfortunately, it was due in part to this debate regarding the order of the decrees that put Arminius in the “hot seat” of controversy during his time at the University of Leiden (1603-1609). In his Declaration of Sentiments, delivered to the States of Holland on October 30, 1608, Arminius vehemently opposed both the supralapsarian and infralapsarian stances of his interlocutors. He argued on many points- that not only were such views not approved by any of the patristic councils, but that their stance also stood in conflict with God’s nature and character. Arminius thought of God as the Summum bonum (the highest good), and because of that he thought that “God’s first action toward any creature cannot be its reprobation” (Stanglin and McCall, Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace) as put forward by the supra- and infra-lapsarian views, but rather “his first volition, when engaged about any object, is the communication of good.” (Arminius, Exam. Gom.) Thus, Arminius reasoned that "if it is God who decrees that it will be impossible to avoid sin and damnation, then two unwelcome results follow: sinners are not morally responsible for their sinful actions, and God is responsible for such sin.” (Stanglin and McCall, Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace). Quite clearly, for many, such views and conclusions are anathema.
Of course, his opponents did not believe moral responsibility was subverted, or that God was the author of sin. But the Arminian stance is clearly not convinced by these simple assertions. That is to say, unless one declares that these logical moments are not real in the life of God, in any timeless sequential sense, then it is hard to understand how anyone could explain away Arminius's concerns without appealing to mere mystery (even if one rejects the timelessness of God, this concern would still stand).
For clarity's sake, here's a simple depiction of these views taken from the book Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace. Note Arminius's concern from above. Also note, that in Arminius’s view, contra to his opponents, God does not predestine those who will be saved or damned before the appointment of Christ (as if Christ is an afterthought in the ordo decretorum), but rather Christ is the foundation for election and that those who believe through the means of grace are saved. Thus, in this way, Arminius strove to uphold his view of God as the Summum Bonum.
Supralapsarian ordo decretorum: God decrees to
Predestine; that is, elect some individuals (though not yet considered as created or fallen) to eternal life with God and reprobate others;
Create (in some versions, this decree comes before predestination);
Ordain or permit the fall, with ensuing guilt, corruption, and total inability;
Appoint Christ as foundation of salvation to redeem the elect;
Provide the means of salvation: Holy Spirit to save, regenerate, and preserve the redeem
Infralapsarian ordo decretorum: God decrees to
Create;
Permit the fall, with ensuing guilt, corruption, and total inability;
Predestine; that is, elect some created and fallen individuals to eternal life with God, and reprobate, or pass by, the rest of the sinners;
Appoint Christ as foundation of salvation to redeem the elect;
Provide the means of salvation: Holy Spirit to save, regenerate, and preserve the redeem.
Arminian ordo decretorum: God decrees to
Create;
Permit the fall;
Appoint Christ as foundation of election to redeem;
Save, in Christ, (the class of) penitent believers, and condemn unbelievers;
Provide means [grace] for repentance and faith;
Save or condemn single, specific individuals foreknown to believe or not believe.
Arminius, excerpt from his Declaration of Sentiments:
I have hitherto been stating those opinions concerning the article of Predestination which are inculcated in our churches and in the University of Leyden, and of which I disapprove. I have at the same time produced my own reasons, why I form such an unfavorable judgment concerning them; and I will now declare my own opinions on this subject, which are of such a description as, according to my views, appear most conformable to the word of God.
I. The First absolute decree of God concerning the salvation of sinful man, is that by which he decreed to appoint his Son, Jesus Christ, for a Mediator, Redeemer, Savior, Priest and King, who might destroy sin by his own death, might by his obedience obtain the salvation which had been lost, and might communicate it by his own virtue.
II. The second precise and absolute decree of God, is that in which he decreed to receive into favor those who repent and believe, and, in Christ, for his sake and through him, to effect the salvation of such penitents and believers as persevered to the end; but to leave in sin, and under wrath, all impenitent persons and unbelievers, and to damn them as aliens from Christ.
III. The third divine decree is that by which God decreed to administer in a sufficient and efficacious manner the means which were necessary for repentance and faith; and to have such administration instituted (1.) according to the Divine Wisdom, by which God knows what is proper and becoming both to his mercy and his severity, and (2.) according to Divine Justice, by which He is prepared to adopt whatever his wisdom may prescribe and put it in execution.
IV. To these succeeds the fourth decree, by which God decreed to save and damn certain particular persons. This decree has its foundation in the foreknowledge of God, by which he knew from all eternity those individuals who would, through his preventing grace, believe, and, through his subsequent grace would persevere, according to the before described administration of those means which are suitable and proper for conversion and faith; and, by which foreknowledge, he likewise knew those who would not believe and persevere.
Predestination, when thus explained, is
1. The foundation of Christianity, and of salvation and its certainty.
2. It is the sum and the matter of the gospel; nay, It is the gospel itself, and on that account necessary to be believed in order to salvation, as far as the two first articles are concerned.
3. It has had no need of being examined or determined by any Council, either general or particular, since it is contained in the Scriptures clearly and expressly in so many words; and no contradiction has ever yet been offered to it by any orthodox divine.
4. It has constantly been acknowledged and taught by all Christian teachers who held correct and orthodox sentiments.
5. It agrees with that Harmony of all Confessions, which has been published by the Protestant churches.
6. It likewise agrees most excellently with the Dutch Confession and Catechism. This concord is such, that if in the Sixteenth article these two expressioxs [eos quos et alii] “those persons whom” and “others,” be explained by the words “believers” and “unbelievers,” these opinions of mine on Predestination will be comprehended in that article with the greatest clearness. This is the reason why I directed the thesis to be composed in the very words of the Confession, when, on one occasion, I had to hold a public disputation before my private class in the University. This kind of Predestination also agrees with the reasoning contained in the twentieth and the fifty-fourth question of the Catechism.
7. It is also in excellent accordance with the nature of God—with his wisdom, goodness, and righteousness; because it contains the principal matter of all of them, and is the clearest demonstration of the Divine wisdom, goodness, and righteousness [or justice].
8. It is agreeable in every point with the nature of man—in what form soever that nature may be contemplated, whether in the primitive state of creation, in that of the fall, or in that of restoration.
9. It is in complete concert with the act of creation, by affirming that the creation itself is a real communication of good, both from the intention of God, and with regard to the very end or event; that it had its origin in the goodness of God; that whatever has a reference to its continuance and preservation, proceeds from divine love; and that this act of creation is a perfect and appropriate work of God, in which he is at complaisance with himself, and by which he obtained all things necessary for an unsinning state.
10. It agrees with the nature of life eternal, and with the honorable titles by which that life is designated in the Scriptures.
11. It also agrees with the nature of death eternal, and with the names by which that death is distinguished in Scripture.
12. It states sin to be a real disobedience, and the meritorious cause of condemnation; and on this account, it is in the most perfect agreement with the fall and with sin.
13. In every particular, it harmonizes with the nature of grace, by ascribing to it all those things which agree with it, [or adapted to it,] and by reconciling it most completely to the righteousness of God and to the nature and liberty of the human will.
14. It conduces most conspicuously to declare the glory of God, his justice and his mercy. It also represents God as the cause of all good and of our salvation, and man as the cause of sin and of his own damnation.
15. It contributes to the honor of Jesus Christ, by placing him for the foundation of predestination and the meritorious as well as communicative cause of salvation.
16. It greatly promotes the salvation of men: It is also the power, and the very means which lead to salvation—by exciting and creating within the mind of man sorrow on account of sin, a solicitude about his conversion, faith in Jesus Christ, a studious desire to perform good works, and zeal in prayer—and by causing men to work out their salvation with fear and trembling. It likewise prevents despair, as far as such prevention is necessary.
17. It confirms and establishes that order according to which the gospel ought to be preached, (1.) by requiring repentance and faith—(2.) and then by promising remission of sins, the grace of the Spirit, and life eternal.
18. It strengthens the ministry of the gospel, and renders it profitable with respect to preaching, the administration of the sacraments and public prayers.
19. It is the foundation of the Christian religion; because in it, the two-fold love of God may be united together—God’s love of righteousness [or justice], and his love of men, may, with the greatest consistency, be reconciled to each other.
20. Lastly. This doctrine of Predestination has always been approved by the great majority of professing Christians, and even now, in these days, it enjoys the same extensive patronage. It cannot afford any person just cause for expressing his aversion to it; nor can it give any pretext for contention in the Christian Church.
It is therefore much to be desired, that men would proceed no further in this matter, and would not attempt to investigate the unsearchable judgments of God—at least that they would not proceed beyond the point at which those judgments have been clearly revealed in the scriptures. This, my most potent Lords, is all that I intend now to declare to your mightinesses, respecting the doctrine of Predestination, about which there exists such a great controversy in the Church of Christ. If it would not prove too tedious to your Lordships, I have some other propositions which I could wish to state, because they contribute to a full declaration of my sentiments, and tend to the same purpose as that for which I have been ordered to attend in this place by your mightinesses.
There are certain other articles of the Christian Religion, which possess a close affinity to the doctrine of Predestination, and which are in a great measure dependent on it: Of this description are the Providence of God, the Free-will of Man, the Perseverance of Saints, and the Certainty of Salvation. On these topics, if not disagreeable to your mightinesses, I will in a brief manner relate my opinion.
James Arminius, The Works of Arminius, trans. James Nichols and W. R. Bagnall, vol. 1 (Auburn; Buffalo: Derby, Miller and Orton, 1853), 247–251.
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